
and Akio Y UCHI† Graduate School of Engineering some silica is added to the silica-lined converter. Then is used during the extraction of copper from its ores by flash smelting [1] because it forms a low-melting slag [2] that can be easily separated as a glass-like semi-solid material to get rid of unwanted metal oxides. Copper ores are mostly mad...The role of silica in the metallurgy of copper is to remove the iron oxide obtained during the process of roasting as 'slag'. If the sulphide ore of copper contains iron